Exosphere Definition and Facts

The exosphere is the outermost layer of the Earths atmosphere, located above the thermosphere. It extends from about 600 km until it thins out to merge with interplanetary space. This makes the exosphere about 10,000 km or 6,200 miles thick or about as wide as the Earth. The top boundary of Earths exosphere extends about halfway to the Moon. For other planets with substantial atmospheres, the exosphere is the layer above the denser atmospheric layers, but for planets or satellites without dense atmospheres, the exosphere is the region between the surface and interplanetary space. This is called the surface boundary exosphere. It has been observed for the Earths Moon, Mercury,  and the Galilean moons of Jupiter. The word exosphere comes from the Ancient Greek words exo, meaning outside or beyond, and sphaira, which means sphere. Exosphere Characteristics The particles in the exosphere are extremely far apart. They dont quite fit the definition of a gas because the density is too low for collisions and interactions to occur. Nor are they necessarily plasma, because the atoms and molecules arent all electrically charged. Particles in the exosphere can travel hundreds of kilometers along a ballistic trajectory before bumping into other particles. The Earths Exosphere The lower boundary of the exosphere, where it meets the thermosphere, is called the thermopause. Its height above sea level ranges from 250-500 km up to 1000 km (310 to 620 miles), depending on solar activity. The thermopause is called the exobase, exopause, or critical altitude. Above this point, barometric conditions do not apply. The temperature of the exosphere is nearly constant and very cold. At the upper boundary of the exosphere, the solar radiation pressure on hydrogen exceeds the gravitational pull back toward Earth. The fluctuation of the exobase due to solar weather is important because it affects atmospheric drag on space stations and satellites. Particles that reach the boundary are lost from the Earths atmosphere to space. The composition of the exosphere is different from that of the layers beneath it. Only the lightest gases occur, barely held to the planet by gravity. The Earths exosphere consists mainly of hydrogen, helium, carbon dioxide, and atomic oxygen. The exosphere is visible from space as a fuzzy region called the geocorona. The Lunar Atmosphere On Earth, there are about 1019 molecules per cubic centimeter of air at sea level. In contrast, there are fewer than a million (106) molecules in the same volume in the exosphere. The Moon does not have a true atmosphere because its particles dont circulate, dont absorb much radiation, and have to be replenished. Yet, its not quite a vacuum, either. The lunar surface boundary layer has a pressure of about 3 x 10-15 atm (0.3 nano Pascals). The pressure varies depending on whether its day or night, but the entire mass weighs less than 10 metric tonnes. The exosphere is produced by outgassing of radon and helium from radioactive decay. The solar wind, micrometeor bombardment, and the solar wind also contribute particles. Unusual gases found in the Moons exosphere, but not in the atmospheres of Earth, Venus, or Mars include sodium and potassium. Other elements and compounds found in the Moons exosphere include argon-40, neon, helium-4, oxygen, methane, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and carb on dioxide. A trace amount of hydrogen is present. Very minute quantities of water vapor may also exist. In addition to its exosphere, the Moon may have an atmosphere of dust that hovers above the surface due to electrostatic levitation. Exosphere Fun Fact While the exosphere of the Moon is nearly a vacuum its larger than the exosphere of Mercury. One explanation for this is that Mercury is much closer to the Sun, so the solar wind can sweep away particles more easily. References Bauer, Siegfried; Lammer, Helmut. Planetary Aeronomy: Atmosphere Environments in Planetary Systems, Springer Publishing, 2004.  Is There an Atmosphere on the Moon?. NASA. 30 January 2014. retrieved 02/20/2017

Erik Erikson s Theory Of Personality - 1587 Words

Erik Erikson refined eight physcosocial stages that he believed humans confront throughout their life The stages are Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame Doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Role Confusion, Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs. Stagnation, and Integrity vs. Despair Erikson was said to be influenced by Freud but rather than speaking on psychosexual Stages, he explains the psychosocial stages throughout a human life which made it completely different. His theories were influenced by Freud, going along with Freud’s (1923) theory regarding the structure and topography of personality. Freud was an id psychologist, Erikson was an ego psychologist. Erkison discusses the psychological stages and is better known for his life stage of human development. Erikons first stage explains Trust vs Mistrust which usually occurs from conception to a year. This is when a infant is soley dependent on their caregiver for all of their needs such as food, comfort, love, safety and nurturing. When the caretaker fails to provide those needs that is when the infant may become mistrustful, frustrated, draw away from care giver and may lack self assurance. On the other hand, caregivers who provide the love, comfort, care, who are emotionally available, consistent within the child lives. The child does strongly develop that assurance, they will feel a sense of security within the world. Failure to establish that trust with the caregiver can resultShow MoreRelatedErik Erikson s Theory And Determining That Personality Development2143 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract Erik Erikson is well renowned for his Psychosocial Developmental Stage Theory. Erikson expanded on Freud’s Psychoanalytical Theory by revisiting the theory and determining that personality development is a life-long continuous process versus Freud’s assessment that personality is developed during early childhood and late adolescence and is fully developed by the time an individual reaches early adulthood. Erikson’s theory has 8 stages that have two possible outcomes in each stage whichRead MoreApplication Of The Personality Theories Developed By Erik Erikson And Raymond Cattell1724 Words   |  7 PagesApplication of the Personality Theories Developed by Erik Erikson and Raymond Cattell â€Å"Personality is made up of the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make a person unique. It arises from within the individual and remains fairly consistent throughout life† (Cherry, 2014). My personality is influenced from my specific circumstances, my upbringing, and it is represented best through the theorists of Erik Erikson and Raymond Cattell. In specific circumstances my behaviorRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development884 Words   |  4 PagesErik Erikson Erik Erikson was born June 15, 1902. Erikson is best-known for his famous theory of psychosocial development and the concept of the identity crisis. His theories marked an important shift in thinking on personality; instead of focusing simply on early childhood event, his psychosocial theory looked at how social influences contribute to personality throughout the entire lifespan. Erik Erikson died May 12, 1994 due to prostate cancer. (Erik Erikson, 2015). Stages of Psychosocial DevelopmentRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Mcadams 1154 Words   |  5 Pagesthrough the life stories of different psychologists , he provide a real recollection of life stories and narrative approaches that recent researcher and theories have apply to understand human behavior. This article integrates recent theories and researchers of life stories as illustrated the investigation of self-understanding, personal memory, personality structure and change, and the relations between the personal lives and cultural. The article provides a numerous of psychologist stories and theRead MoreThe Theorist I Choose For This Paper That I Believe I Relate1509 Words   |  7 Pagesmost is Erik Erikson. Erik Erikson is best known for his theory on identity, which was a theory that was broadened from Sigmund Freud while retaining its core work (Schultz, D. Schultz, S., 2013). Erik Erikson’s mother, who was Jewish, became pregnant but a man that was not her husband after her husband’s disappearance. She was sent to Germany, where she gave birth to Erik. Erik Erikson grew up believing his pediatrician was his biological father due to his mother marrying this man. Since Erik EriksonRead MoreSigmund Freud And Erik Erikson1110 Words   |  5 Pageswith emotional problems 70- 80 decades ago. The discontinuous psychosexual and psychosocial theory takes place in stages in one course moving through drives that are biological along with societal expectations (Berk, 2013). The contributions to this perspective include both Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson. Freud examined psychosexual theory and how those first childhood years of drives shape the personality. Thus, such drive names are the id, ego, and superego. The id emergences in the early stagesRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development Essay1177 Words   |  5 Pages Erik Erikson was born in Greman in 1902-1994, American psychoanalyst; known for psychosocial theory of emotional development of human beings. His theory looks at the impact of parents and society on personality development from childhood to adulthood. Erikson believes, each person has to pass through a series of eight stages over there entire life cycle. I will look at the first 3 stages that cover the childhood years. There are set of conflict at each stage, which allows individual to developRead MoreTheories And Theory Of Psychosocial Development Essay1255 Words   |  6 Pages 1 Theories Theorist Tiffany Leaf Walden University Dr. Thomas Russo RSCH – 61007-6 Research Theory Life is full of many experiences and challenges which help individuals to grow and become better people. There has been tons of research to better understand how and why humans develop and grow the way they do. Among the many theories and therapist in the field of psychology, I have chosen psychosexual and psychosocialRead MoreErikson’S Contributions To Human Development. Erik Erikson1033 Words   |  5 PagesErikson’s Contributions to Human Development Erik Erikson was a man whose interests varied widely. He studied art and a variety of languages during his schooling. He did not prefer the atmosphere of formal schooling and decided to travel around Europe instead of going to college (â€Å"Erik Erikson†, 1997). He then returned to Germany for art school and later on taught to children who had come for Freudian training. He became Boston’s first child analyst and obtained a position at Harvard Medical SchoolRead MoreEarly Life Experiences Impact The Person Across Their Lifespan930 Words   |  4 PagesPiaget theory ‘Stages of cognitive development’ (1936) and Erik Erikson theory ‘Psychosocial stages’ (1950). Piaget argued that children develop knowledge by constructing their experience and observe with their own ideas about how the thing works.(Burton, L.J., Westen, d. Kowalski, R.M. 2015) He developed 4 stages of his theory: Sensorimotor Stage, Preoperational Stage, Concrete Operational Sta ge and Formal Operational Stage. At the same time, Erik Erikson proposed a psychoanalytic theory of psychosocial

Basketball Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Basketball Essay, Research Paper . ; ; . ; ; . ; ; . ; ; . ; ; . ; ; . ; ; . ; ; . ; ; . ; ; . ; ; . ; ; . ; ; . ; ; . ; ; . ; ; History of Basketball Dr. James Naismith is known global as the discoverer of hoops. He was born in 1861 in Ramsay township, near Almonte, Ontario, Canada. The construct of hoops was born from his school yearss in the country where he played a simple kid # 8217 ; s game known as duck-on-a-rock outside his one-room schoolhouse. The game involved trying to strike hard a # 8220 ; duck # 8221 ; off the top of a big stone by fliping another stone at it. Naismith went on to go to McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. After functioning as McGill # 8217 ; s Athletic Director, he moved on to the YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, USA in 1891 where the athletics of hoops was born. In Springfield, Naismith was faced with the job of happening a athletics that was suited for drama indoors during the Massachusetts winter for the pupils at the School for Christian Workers. Naismith wanted to make a game of accomplishment for the pupils alternatively of one that relied entirely on strength. We will write a custom essay sample on Basketball Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He needed a game that could be played indoors in a comparatively little infinite. The first game was played with a association football ball and two Prunus persica baskets used as ends. Naismith devised a set of 13 regulations of hoops: The ball may be thrown in any way with one or both custodies. The ball may be batted in any way with one or both custodies, but neer with the fist. A participant can non run with the ball. The participant must throw it from the topographic point on which he catches it, allowance to be made for a adult male running at good velocity. The ball must be held in or between the custodies. The weaponries or organic structure must non be used for keeping it. No shouldering, keeping, forcing, striking or stumbling in any manner of an opposition. The first violation of this regulation by any individual shall number as a foul ; the 2nd shall unfit him until the following end is made or, if there was apparent purpose to wound the individual, for the whole of the game. No permutation shall be allowed. A foul is striking at the ball with the fist, misdemeanors of Rules 3 and 4 and such as described in Rule 5. If either side make three back-to-back fouls it shall number as a end for the oppositions ( back-to-back means without the oppositions in the interim doing a foul ) . end shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from the land into the basket and corsets at that place, supplying those supporting the end do non touch or upset the end. If the ball rests on the border and the oppositions move the basket, it shall number as a end. When the ball goes out of bounds, it shall be thrown into the field and played by the first individual touching it. In instance of difference the umpire shall throw it directly into the field. The thrower-in is allowed five seconds. If he holds it longer, it shall travel to the opposition. If any side persists in detaining the game, the umpire shall name a foul on them. The umpire shall be justice of the work forces and shall observe the fouls and advise the referee when three back-to-back fouls have been made. He shall hold the power to unfit work forces harmonizing to Rule 5. The referee shall be the justice of the ball and make up ones mind when it is in drama in bounds, to which side it belongs, and shall maintain the clip. He shall make up ones mind when a end has been made and maintain history of the ends with any other responsibilities that are normally performed by a referee. The clip shall be two 15-minute halves with five proceedingss # 8217 ; remainder between. The side doing the most ends in that clip shall be declared the victors. In add-on to the creative activity of the athletics, Naismith graduated as a medical physician, chiefly interested in athleticss physiology and what we would today name athleticss scientific discipline and as Presbyterian curate, with a acute involvement in doctrine and clean life. Naismith watched his athletics, introduced in many states by the YMCA motion every bit early as 1893. Basketball was introduced at the Berlin Olympics in 1936.

Justification of Staff Turnover

Kempinsinki Hotel Chengdu turnover.  Details on hotel turn over Kempinsinki Hotel Chengdu experience high turnover of employees. This may be caused by lack of utilisation of the theories that help in achievement of reduction in turnover. Motivation in working place leads to employee high performance, satisfaction and confidence in the working places that helps in reduction of turnover (Kusluvan 2003).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Justification of Staff Turnover specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In hotel industry, the employees usually have less motivation that causes the industry to face high employee turnover (Miller Walker 2010). Culture and leadership may also affect the rate of turn over in the hotel. Similarly, selection of labour pool and the seasonality causes the hotel to face high turnover. In-depth Analysis on Kempinsinki Hotel Chengdu turnover In the hospitality industry, the employees have faced several challenges. The challenges range from poor working conditions, poor rewards in terms of payment and other allowances and effects of leadership and the seasonality of the hotel industry (Miller Walker 2010). These have caused employee dissatisfaction in the industry that causes high employee turnover as they seek for new opportunities. Similarly, Kempinsinki Hotel Chengdu being in the industry that for a long period has experienced this challenge the hotel also faces the challenges in motivating its employees due to poor rewards, lack of leadership commitment to the employees and poor working conditions. Further, the hotel response to the employee culture also affects the employees’ satisfaction as it does not fully give them the right to exercise their culture in work places. Similarly, the hotel has been exposed to seasonal changes with sometimes having peak seasons while other times off peak seasons, which causes dissatisfaction due changes in their incentives depe nding on the change of seasons. In off peak seasons, the employees face challenges as the rewards are little that may not cater for their needs that cause them to look for other opportunities that cause the high employee turnover in the hotel (Hoque 2002). In the labour pool selection, the hotel like other hospitality industries experience the use of young people with majority being students who use the jobs in the hotel as a bridging stone to other opportunities. They work for a period of time and shift to other opportunities, which also increase the turnover rate (Davies Wagen 1998).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Alternative and Possible Solutions to high turnover In the in-depth analysis the theories touched are the motivation theory, the culture and leadership theory and the labour pool and seasonality theory. In this section, the objective is to have solution in resp onse to these theories. Motivation theory The theory of motivation recommends several approaches in motivating the employees. Economic person approach: The approach maintains that money is the key motivator to majority of the employees (Miller Walker 2010). Kempinsinki Hotel Chengdu must ensure that they have high rewards for their employees that will act as a motivator. This will give them the confidence and morale of working in the hotel. Similarly, the hotel should focus on offering housing, clothing, and medical allowances to its employees in order to boost their morale (Hoque 2002). This would help the hotel in reduction of high turnover as it would make the employees satisfied with the terms of the hotel thus having the motivation. Human relation approach: The use of this approach by Kempinsinki Hotel Chengdu would help in ensuring that the hotel and the employees have a good understanding that would create unity as well as a platform for discussions in case of challenges (Oà ¢â‚¬â„¢Fallon Rutherford 2010). This would help the management in understanding the challenges faced by the employees thus taking the right measures to respond to them (Doeringer Piore 1971). There would be satisfaction of the employees thus reduction of turnover. Behaviour modification: Kempinsinki Hotel Chengdu needs to focus on its employee behaviour by praising and rewarding the right behaviours. This motivates the employees and causes behavioural change to those with undesired behaviour. In addition, the hotel may develop coaching programs to change the behaviours of its employees (Kusluvan 2003). This develops a feeling of personal worth that raises the employees’ interest and attention to the hotel.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Justification of Staff Turnover specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Culture and leadership theory The theory focuses on good leadership and respect of employee cultures (Y u 1999). Kempinsinki Hotel Chengdu needs to adopt a culture that would have the concern of the employees at heart. The hotel should encourage its employees through provision of good working conditions, better payments, and considerable working hours that gives the employees time to relax (Green 2005). The company should also ensure that there is alternative means of catering for overtime. This would enhance the hotel-employee relationship that consequently would help the employees to gain confidence on the benefits offered by the hotel. Similarly, the hotel should ensure that its management gives concern of its employees the first priority. They should ensure that they give the employees a platform to complain without threats and ensure that they get feedback (Doeringer Piore 1971). Further, the management should ensure that their relationship with the employees is solid; they use good means to address them and accord them the respect that they deserve. This would help in raising t he confidence of the employees to the management that further helps in controlling high turnover. In addition, the management of the hotel should understand the cultural needs of every employee and give them the right to exercise them (Hoque 2002). For instance, different employees have different religions such as the differences in Sabbath days. The management should excuse the employees on the days they have set aside for their deity. This ensures there is employees’ satisfaction in respect to their cultures. Labour pool and seasonality theory Kempinsinki Hotel Chengdu can solve this problem by developing a good strategy of identify their labour. They should ensure that they have the right people in the right positions by ensuring that they appoint the employees with the right skills, knowledge and competence to the position that requires those qualifications. In addition, the hotel should ensure that the payments, working conditions and benefits match the qualifications as well as the position held by the employees (Chiang 2006).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kempinsinki Hotel Chengdu to take care of the seasons demand, the hotel should employ sufficient employees for the off-seasons and outsource for back up labour during the peak seasons (Kazis 2001). This back up employees should work under contract basis that would run for the period of the peak season. This would help the hotel in maintaining their full time employees as there will be no fluctuation of their employment benefits (Hoque 2002). Similarly, it will help the hotel from incurring off-season losses caused by payment of employment benefits to workers who might not have enough tasks to perform during these seasons. Alternative excluded The hotel should reinforce its employee through offering regular trainings and short courses on their respective positions (Chiang 2006). The use of this strategy equips the employees with knowledge, skills and competence required in their duties (Chiang 2006). This ensures that the employees confidence during their duties and employees perform ance increase that consequently help them in earning more rewards if the terms of rewards are on performance basis. Better rewards and the confidence of the employees increase their passion in their duties that helps in reduction of turnover (Chiang 2006). Thus the hotel should adopt the strategy to ensure it solves the turnover problem. References Chiang, C 2006, an expectancy theory model for hotel employee motivation: The moderating role of communication satisfaction, ProQuest Information and Learning Company, New York. Davies, C Wagen, L 1998, Supervision and leadership in tourism and hospitality. Thomson Learning, London. Doeringer, P Piore, M 1971, internal labour markets and manpower analysis, Sharpe Publishers, London. Green, N 2005, Human resource management: international perspectives in hospitality and tourism, Thomson Learning, London. Hoque, K 2002, Human resource management in the hotel industry: Strategy, innovation and performance, Rutledge, Oxon. Kazis, R 2001, Lo w-wage workers in the new economy, The Urban Institute Press, Washington. Kusluvan, S 2003, Managing employee attitudes and behaviour in the tourism and hospitality industry, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., New York. Miller, J Walker, J 2010, Supervision in the hospitality industry: Leading human resource, John Wiley Sons, New Jersey. O’Fallon, M Rutherford, D 2010, Hotel management and operation (fifth edition), John Wiley Sons, New Jersey. Yu, L 1999, Hospitality business: Management and operations, The Haworth Hospitality Press, New York. This essay on Justification of Staff Turnover was written and submitted by user Ernest Cameron to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.